WordNet sense 1 (make a mathematical calculation or computation):

calculate, cipher, compute, figure, reckon, cypher

WordNet sense 2 (find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of):

lick, solve, work, figure out, puzzle out

WordNet sense 3 (work out in detail):

elaborate, elaborate

WordNet sense 4 (come up with):

work up

WordNet sense 5 (give a workout to):

exercise