Synonyms for Stripped (same or very similar meaning)
WordNet sense 1 (having only essential or minimal features):
stripped-down
WordNet sense 2 (the least possible):
minimal, minimum
WordNet sense 3 (having everything extraneous removed including contents):
bare
WordNet sense 4 (holding or containing nothing):
empty
WordNet sense 5 (not wearing clothing):
unclothed
From the ODE community, based on WordNet
add/edit