The only question is what role if any genes play in between-group differences.    From Wordnik.com.  [Vacuity of ID: Dembski Channeling Colbert? - The Panda's Thumb] Reference

With random pair formation, within-group selection trumps between-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XII: Multilevel Selection Theory, Salsa Style] Reference

A process of between-group selection may thus allow the altruistic behaviour to evolve.    From Wordnik.com.  [Biological Altruism] Reference

In both cases, altruism evolves because between-group selection trumps within-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XII: Multilevel Selection Theory, Salsa Style] Reference

You often hear that between-group racial differences only account for 15% of genetic variation.    From Wordnik.com.  [NYT: "A Family Tree in Every Gene"] Reference

Within-group selection still favors selfishness and between-group selection still favors altruism.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XII: Multilevel Selection Theory, Salsa Style] Reference

Instead, it stands for the importance of between-group selection relative to within-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XIII: Hamilton Speaks] Reference

The larger the initial group size, the less variation among groups for between-group selection to act upon.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XIV: Group Selection in the Laboratory] Reference

On the other side of the equation, two sets of terms show the contributions of within - and between-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XIII: Hamilton Speaks] Reference

They even stress the importance of between-group competition as the primary influence on the evolution of lion sociality.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XV: Group Selection in the Wild] Reference

Darwin's suggestion is that the altruistic behaviour in question may have evolved by a process of between-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [Biological Altruism] Reference

Athena's method enables the students to understand the concepts of within - and between-group selection more vividly than from a dry lecture.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XII: Multilevel Selection Theory, Salsa Style] Reference

Many models are required to support the sweeping claim that "between-group selection is invariably weak, compared to within-group selection.".    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection VIII: Anatomy of a Model] Reference

It turns out that a gene coding for altruism can evolve on the strength of between-group selection, even when it is selectively disadvantageous within groups.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XI: Dawkins Protests (Too Much)] Reference

In 1970, George Price published a model that divided evolution into within - and between-group components and clearly indicated a role for between-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection IX: Anatomy of a Model (continued)] Reference

In both cases, the trait that is "for the good of the group" is selectively disadvantageous within groups and requires a process of between-group selection to evolve.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection IX: Anatomy of a Model (continued)] Reference

More important, researchers reported a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol among participants on the plant-based protein diet, a between-group difference of 0.6%.    From Wordnik.com.  [Fitness News You Can Use for June] Reference

They did find, however, a small between-group difference, favoring the high-carb dieters, in the speed in which participants performed intelligence and reasoning tests.    From Wordnik.com.  [High-Carb Diet May Help You Think Faster | Impact Lab] Reference

So conceivably, the alarm-calling behaviour may evolve by between-group selection, even though within each group, selection favours monkeys that do not give alarm calls.    From Wordnik.com.  [Biological Altruism] Reference

Violent between-group conflict is also part of nature, from epic battles between ant colonies, to the territorial conflicts of lion prides, to the raiding parties of chimps.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Evolution and War: Back to Basics] Reference

The comparison group also reduced its consumption of fat almost as much and increased its consumption of fruits and vegetables, making it harder to show between-group differences.    From Wordnik.com.  [The Facts About Fat] Reference

When we focus on the original problem, there is near universal agreement among theoretical biologists that between-group selection can successfully counter within-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection IX: Anatomy of a Model (continued)] Reference

Viewing physical threat produced no between-group differences.    From Wordnik.com.  [Archives of General Psychiatry current issue] Reference

None of the between-group differences was statistically significant.    From Wordnik.com.  [MedPageToday.com - medical news plus CME for physicians] Reference

There were no significant between-group differences on this measure at 12 weeks.    From Wordnik.com.  [MedPageToday.com - medical news plus CME for physicians] Reference

There were no significant between-group differences in the rate of adverse events.    From Wordnik.com.  [New England Journal of Medicine] Reference

We performed a between-group (control vs. PD) multivariate repeated measures ANOVA with.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

For these analyses we used a between-group (controls vs. PD) repeated measures ANOVA with.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Mere groups turn into organisms when between-group selection trumps within-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [ScienceBlogs Channel : Life Science] Reference

We also performed a between-group (control vs. PD) repeated measures ANOVA with "Predictability".    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Within-group selection still takes place and is merely suppressed compared to between-group selection.    From Wordnik.com.  [ScienceBlogs Channel : Life Science] Reference

Then, between-group selection favored forms of mental cooperation in addition to physical cooperation.    From Wordnik.com.  [ScienceBlogs Channel : Life Science] Reference

As expected, the researchers said, there were no significant between-group differences in the clearance rate.    From Wordnik.com.  [MedPageToday.com - medical news plus CME for physicians] Reference

The design was similar to that of the migraine study, except results were analyzed for between-group differences.    From Wordnik.com.  [MedPageToday.com - medical news plus CME for physicians] Reference

Only by a theory of between-group selection could we achieve a scientific explanation of group-related adaptations.    From Wordnik.com.  [ScienceBlogs Channel : Life Science] Reference

The newer studies didn’t specifically dispute this observation, but simply found that the between-group differences are also clear.    From Wordnik.com.  [Neil Risch on race] Reference

1) Dawkins 'portrayal of within - and between-group selection is utterly standard, and that's a good thing.    From Wordnik.com.  [David Sloan Wilson: Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection XI: Dawkins Protests (Too Much)] Reference