Remarkably, over 60 years ago (1949) scientists in the (then) Soviet Union began applying a very low voltage alternating current to stimulate the brain, CES or cranial electrical stimulation, which they called "electrosleep" to treat insomnia (cranial refers to the skull or cranium, where the electrical leads are placed and the scalp stimulated).    From Wordnik.com.  [The Full Feed from HuffingtonPost.com] Reference