Graphic showing a lipid bilayer membrane (blue) with an alpha-hemolysin nanopore.    From Wordnik.com.  [DNA Sieve — Nanoscale Pores can be Tiny Analysis Labs | Impact Lab] Reference

The technique involves creating a lipid bilayer membrane similar to those in living cells, and "drilling" a pore in it with a protein (alpha-hemolysin) produced by the Staphyloccoccus aureus bacteria specifically to penetrate cell membranes.    From Wordnik.com.  [DNA Sieve — Nanoscale Pores can be Tiny Analysis Labs | Impact Lab] Reference

Because the dimensions of the lipid bilayer and the alpha-hemolysin pore, as well as the required amount of electrical current, are at the nanoscale level, the "single-molecule mass spectrometry" technology may one day be incorporated into "lab-on-a-chip" molecular analyzers and single-strand DNA sequencers.    From Wordnik.com.  [DNA Sieve — Nanoscale Pores can be Tiny Analysis Labs | Impact Lab] Reference

Next, Dr LaVan and his colleagues installed a protein called alpha-hemolysin into the protocell membrane.    From Wordnik.com.  [The Economist: Correspondent's diary] Reference

Kanclerski K, Mollby R (1987) Production and purification of Streptococcus pneumoniae hemolysin (pneumolysin).    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

The new model addresses both cylindrical pores and tapering pores that simulate the α - hemolysin membrane channel.    From Wordnik.com.  [Science Blog] Reference

A. Beta (clear) - hemolysis is caused by certain streptococci because they produce enzymes hemolysin that lyse red calls.    From Wordnik.com.  [Recently Uploaded Slideshows] Reference

Sakurai J, Matsuzaki A, Miwatani T (1973) Purification and characterization of thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Nishibuchi M, Kaper JB (1995) Thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a virulence gene acquired by a marine bacterium.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Zen-Yoji H, Hitokoto H, Morozumi S, Le Clair RA (1971) Purification and characterization o; f a hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Tang G, Iida T, Yamamoto K, Honda T (1997) Analysis of functional domains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin using monoclonal antibodies.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Sakurai J, Honda T, Jinguji Y, Arita M, Miwatani T (1976) Cytotoxic effect of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on FL cells.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

We knew that a bacterial toxin called alpha hemolysin spontaneously inserts into a lipid bilayer membrane to produce an ion-conducting channel, now called a nanopore.    From Wordnik.com.  [Scientific Blogging] Reference

Goshima K, Takeda Y, Sugino Y, Miwatani T (1976) Demonstration of the cardiotoxicity of the thermostable direct hemolysin (lethal toxin) produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Yanagihara I, Iida T, Honda T (2001) Vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin can induce an apoptotic cell death in Rat-1 cells from inside and outside of the cells.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

If the researchers only did that much, nothing interesting would happen, but they also inserted into the bilayer a modified form of a protein, alpha-hemolysin, made by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.    From Wordnik.com. Reference

Tang GQ, Iida T, Yamamoto K, Honda T (1995) Ca (2+) - independent cytotoxicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) on Intestine 407, a cell line derived from human embryonic intestine.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

Building upon that work, Clarke and coworkers genetically engineered the alpha-hemolysin to find the best location to covalently attach a molecule of cyclodextrin -- a kind of washer that sits in the middle of the pore.    From Wordnik.com. Reference

An 80-kb pathogenicity island (Vp-PAI), which contains two tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin) genes and a set of genes for the type III secretion system (T3SS2), is closely related to the pathogenicity of this bacterium.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

But it does is show that Oxford scientists have engineered the alpha-hemolysin nanopore to the point that it can efficiently discriminate between the four natural bases of DNA at speeds suitable for high-throughput applications.    From Wordnik.com. Reference

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of infection in humans, secretes a toxin known as alpha-hemolysin that kills human cells by forming holes in their membranes, through which chemicals essential to survival leak out.    From Wordnik.com.  [WN.com - Articles related to Scientists uncover mysterious workings of cholera bacteria] Reference

Alpha hemolysin happens to have a pore precisely the diameter of a DNA molecule in cross section, and we discovered that if a small voltage was applied across the membrane, molecules of DNA in solution were captured by the electrical field in the pore and pulled through at half a million bases per second.    From Wordnik.com.  [Scientific Blogging] Reference

Niikawa T, Obara Y, Yamai S, Miyamoto Y (1972) Purification of a hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference

(1992) Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without genes encoding thermostable direct hemolysin.    From Wordnik.com.  [PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles] Reference